impact of microplastics on the environmental health, the case of Haiti .

 

Plastic is a prevalent material that has been around since the 19th century. However, it has only been in recent years that the negative impacts of plastic on the environment have become apparent. Plastic pollution is now a major problem, with microplastics being found in all parts of the environment, including the air, water, and soil. These microplastics can have negative impacts on both human and animal health. The purpose of this paper is to review the current state of knowledge on microplastics and to identify the environmental hazards associated with them.

 

Methodology

This research gathered information from various scientific databases and academic networks like Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Springer. Keywords related to microplastics, their properties, health effects, and environmental impact were used for searching. Published articles between 2005 and 2021 were prioritized, with additional sources identified through cited references. Each article was critically analyzed, resulting in a comprehensive understanding of the relevant literature.

 

Plastics: Definition, Composition, and Characteristics

Plastics are materials composed of high polymers, shaped by flow during processing. They are primarily derived from non-renewable resources like petroleum and natural gas, but also have renewable options like sugar cane or vegetable oils. Their versatility and strength make them popular substitutes for traditional materials like metals.

They are Macromolecular structures since they are made up of large, repeating molecules called polymers. They are deformable under heat or pressure. They are blended with additives to improve properties like durability, color, and flame resistance.

They can be classified in:  Thermosets (fixed shape) and thermoplastics (re-shapable). They also can be used in various sectors due to their unique properties.

 

Microplastics

Microplastics (MP) are tiny plastic particles less than 5 millimeters in diameter, generated from the degradation of larger plastic debris or directly manufactured. They come in various shapes, sizes, and chemical compositions, with different physical and chemical properties impacting their behavior in the environment.

They are categorized by size (fragments, film, foam, line, pellets) and color using a standardized system. They are mostly derived from six common polymers: polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, polyurethane, polystyrene, and PET.

 

Legal and regulatory framework

Microplastics come in two forms: primary (manufactured small) and secondary (resulting from breakdown of larger items).  They come from industrial processes, cosmetics, textiles, and plastic waste. These diverse sources contribute to microplastic pollution in various ecosystems.

While no specific international legislation directly addresses microplastics, several proactive measures exist at different levels. Global conventions like MARPOL 73/78 and the London Convention aim to control plastic waste disposal at sea. Additionally, regional programs and declarations address marine litter and microplastics.

Several countries have adopted legal frameworks based on the precautionary principle, despite uncertainties about microplastic impacts. These frameworks aim to reduce microplastic pollution through various measures.

 

 

Impact of microplastics on living organisms in natural ecosystems

The presence of microplastics is a consequence of plastic breakdown and direct release from various sources. Once in the environment, they interact with living organisms, posing significant threats.

Marine animals are particularly vulnerable, ingesting microplastics that mimic food, leading to starvation, internal injuries, and even death. These plastic particles can also act as carriers for other pollutants, further magnifying their harmful effects. Studies have documented negative impacts on various species, including mussels, fish, whales, and seabirds.

Human exposure to microplastics primarily occurs through seafood consumption, raising concerns about food safety and potential health risks. The particles can also be inhaled from dust and air, entering the body, and potentially accumulating in tissues. While the full extent of human health impacts remains unclear, the potential consequences demand thorough investigation.

 

Waste management, environmental pollution, microplastics and loss of biodiversity in Port-au-Prince

Port-au-Prince, Haiti, faces a significant challenge in managing its solid waste, with negative consequences for both public health and the environment. The city's growing population and weak sanitation infrastructure contribute to widespread unsanitary conditions, with waste often dumped in vacant spaces or gullies. Lack of proper sorting and treatment further exacerbates the issue. Organic waste, often mixed with other categories, pollutes the environment, while the absence of a proper landfill means leachate and biogas go uncontrolled. Additionally, limited information on waste composition hinders the development of effective management strategies.

Plastic pollution is a particular concern. Despite bans on single-use plastics, their presence remains high, contributing to the global issue of microplastics in the Caribbean Sea. The bay of Port-au-Prince is especially vulnerable, receiving untreated wastewater and plastic debris, potentially harming marine life and ecosystems.

 

Conclusion

Microplastics pose a significant threat to environmental health, with impacts largely focused on aquatic ecosystems. However, research gaps persist, particularly regarding terrestrial ecosystems and the long-term effects on various organisms.

The city urgently needs solutions. Strengthening waste collection, implementing proper sorting, and recycling systems, and establishing a sanitary landfill are crucial steps. Public awareness campaigns and stricter enforcement of existing bans on plastic bags and Styrofoam could also play a role.

Addressing Port-au-Prince's waste management challenges requires a multifaceted approach, considering both environmental and public health concerns. By taking decisive action, the city can work towards a cleaner and healthier future for its residents and its surrounding ecosystem.


DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98371

 

 

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